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BOZOVA TARİHÇESİ   

Bozova ve çevresinde Asurlular döneminde Asuranianu, Romalılar ve Ermeniler döneminde Tormenapa, Araplar döneminde Telhüvek, Türkmenlerin döneminde Yaylak olarak isimlendirilen, tarihi MÖ 7250-5500 yerleşimlerine rastlanılmıştır. Ayrıca 1982 yılında Şanlıurfa Müzesi Müdürlüğünce Bozova İlçesine bağlı Şaşkan (İğdeli) köyü yakınlarındaki küçük ve büyük Şaşkan höyükleri arasında kalan arazide yapılan arkeolojik kazılarda elde edilen bulgulardan bu bölgenin ilk defa günümüzden 7000 yıl önce burada bir yerleşim olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Neolitik Çağdan sonraki ilk medeniyet evresi kalkolotik dönem (5500-3200) buluntuları,; Şanlıurfa’nın Bozova ilçesine bağlı Kurban Höyük, Lidar Höyük ve Siverek İlçesine bağlı Hasek Höyük kazılarında tespit edilmiş, ayrıca aynı kazılarda ilk Tunç Çağına ait (MÖ 3200-1800) çok sayıda buluntular ele geçirilmiştir. Bozova civarında kurulan ilk medeniyet Asurluların Asuranianu ismini verdikleri ve MÖ..2000 ile 606 yılları arasında hüküm sürdükleri dönemde oluşan medeniyettir. Bozova bölgesi daha sonra Makedonyalıların, Roma imparatorluğunun ve Bizans imparatorluğunun eline geçmiştir. 640 yılında Haz. Ömer’in zamanında Übeyt ibni el Cerrah tarafından Urfa’nın fethi ile birlikte İslam topraklarına katılmıştır. 1402’den 1516 yılına kadar devamlı olarak İran Safavileri, Mısır Memlukları ve Osmanlıların arasında el değiştirmiştir Bozova İlçesi Lidar Höyük’te Heidelberg Üniversitesi öğretim üyelerinden Prof. Dr. Harald Hauptmann başkanlığında yapılan kazılarda 1985 yılında Hitit devrine tarihlenen bir tablet ele geçirilmiştir. Bir yüzünde 10, diğer yüzünde ise 13 satır çivi yazısı bulunmaktadır. Bu tablet yangın geçirmiş bir tabakada ele geçmiştir ve tabletin transkripsiyonu halen yapılmamıştır. Kurban Höyük Kazısı Bozova İlçesi’ne bağlı Kurban Höyük’teki kazı çalışmaları Chicago Üniversitesi adına Dr. Leon Marfoe başkanlığında 1980 yılında başlanmış ve 1984 yılında çalışmalara son verilmiştir. Bu höyükte de 3 kültür tabakası tespit edilmiş olup, bunlar kronolojik sıraya göre M. Ö. 5000 - 3000 yılı kalkolotik, M. Ö. 3000 - 2000 yılı eski tunç çağı ve M. Ö. 2000 - 1500 yılı orta tunç çağıdır. Kazı çalışmaları sonucunda pişmiş topraktan yapılmış çanak ve çömlekler, tunç iğneler, işlenmiş kemikler, taştan dibekler, pişmiş topraktan yapılmış bina modelleri bulunmuştur. Tiriş Höyük Bozova İlçesi’ne bağlı Titriş Höyük’te, 1981 - 1982 yıllarında yapılan kazılar sonucu, M. Ö. 3000 - 2000 yılı eski tunç çağına tarihlenen bu nekropolde 38 mezar açığa çıkarılmış ve 150 adet müzelik eser elde edilmiştir. Gömü hediyeleri olarak bulunan bu küçük buluntular arasında türban başlı iğneler, gümüş yüzükler, midye kabuğundan yapılmış kolye ve küpeler, pişmiş topraktan yapılmış geometrik desenli ve boyalı vazolar, kâseler, bardaklar, biberon ayaklı kaplar ile taştan yapılmış idoller (keman biçiminde) ele geçirilmiştir. Ayrıca Titriş Mezarlığı’nın erken sülâleler III. devrine tarihlendiğini kanıtlayan kalkerden yapılmış bir silindir mühür de bulunmuştur. Mühür baskısında şöyle bir tasvir göze çarpmaktadır : "Bir ağacın iki yanında art ayakları üzerine kalkmış iki keçi, sağdaki hayvanla ağaç arasında bir platform üzerinde yay boynuzlu bir keçi durmaktadır. Ağacın sağında kanatlarını açmış yılan gibi bir kuş, bir akrep ve başını aşağıya çevirmiş bir yılan vardır. Bunların hemen solunda duran ve belinde kemeriyle hançeri bulunan bir boğa adam elleriyle akrebi ve yay boynuzlu keçiyi tutmaktadır. Bütün bu tasvir göz önünde tutulduğunda kompozisyon açısından erken sülâleler devrinin bütün özelliklerini taşıdığı görülür. Çok tahrip durumda olmasına karşın Titriş Höyük mezarlığında yapılan kurtarma kazısı, Güneydoğu Anadolu ilk tunç çağ ölü gömme adetlerine bir ışık tutmuştur. Bozova'ya bağlı Titriş Höyük’te, Müze Müdürü Adnan Mısır’ın başkanlığında California Üniversitesi Öğretim Üyelerinden Dr. Guillermo Algaze’nin iştiraki ile ortaklaşa olarak yapılan kazı çalışmalarına 1991 yılında başlanmış ve 10 yıllık bir sürece göre gerekli plan ve programlar yapılmıştır. Höyük, ilk tunç çağından (M. Ö. 3000 - 2000) ortaçağa (M. S. 395 - 1435) kadar kesintisiz iskân göstermekte ve büyük bir alana yayılmaktadır. Güneydoğu Anadolu’da erken şehirleşmeye ait önemli buluntular veren Titriş Höyük’te, küçük buluntu olarak pişmiş topraktan yapılmış kâseler, fincanlar, vazolar, koku şişeleri ve bardaklar ile bronzdan yapılmış iğneler, kemik aletler, çakmak taşından ok uçları, pişmiş topraktan hayvan figürleri, bronz yüzükler, taş damga mühürler, ağırşaklar ve İslami devre ait sikkeler sayılabilir.
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